Utility of a haemoglobin test of gingival crevicular fluid: A multicentre, observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to verify the accuracy and utility of clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival crevicular fluid volume, probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and gingival index) and biochemical parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, protein and haemoglobin) in a longitudinal analysis during the supportive periodontal therapy period. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 279 test sites of 128 patients were investigated clinically and biochemically. After the first examination of clinical and biochemical parameters, periodontal support treatments were administered immediately and performed once every three months up to the second examination. RESULTS: All of the clinical and biochemical parameters were significantly lower at the second examination than at the first, except for the plaque index and bleeding on probing. Of these parameters, in particular, aspartate aminotransferase and haemoglobin in the gingival crevicular fluid were significantly reduced compared to those of the first examination in both the ≤4 and ≥5 mm probing depth groups, and they clearly suggested that periodontitis tended to recover. CONCLUSION: Adding the haemoglobin test to the bleeding on probing test strongly improves the accuracy of measurement of clinical parameters after periodontal treatment.

TNF-α regulates the composition of the basal lamina and cell-matrix adhesions in gingival epithelial cells.

Laminin 5, type 4 collagen, and α6ß4 integrin contribute to the formation of hemidesmosomes in the epithelia of periodontal tissues, which is critical for the development and maintenance of the dentogingival junction. As it is not known whether TNF-α alters the composition of the epithelial pericellular matrix, human gingival epithelial cells were cultured in the presence or absence of TNF-α. Treatment with TNF-α accelerated epithelial cell migration and closure of in vitro wounds. These data indicate unexpectedly, that TNF-α promotes the formation of the pericellular matrix around epithelial cells and enhances adhesion of epithelial cells to the underlying matrix, properties which are important for cell migration and the integrity of the dentogingival junction.

Transcriptional regulation of human odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein gene by tumor necrosis factor-α.

OBJECTIVE: Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) is produced by maturation stage ameloblasts and junctional epithelium (JE). The function of ODAM is thought to be involved in the attachment of teeth and JE. To elucidate transcriptional regulation of human ODAM gene in inflamed gingiva, we have analyzed the effects of TNF-α on the expression of ODAM gene in Ca9-22 and Sa3 gingival epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total RNAs were extracted from Ca9-22 and Sa3 cells after stimulation by TNF-α (10 ng/ml). ODAM mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by qPCR and Western blotting. Luciferase (LUC) analyses were performed using LUC constructs inserted in various lengths of ODAM gene promoter. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were carried out. RESULTS: TNF-α increased ODAM mRNA and protein levels at 3 to 24 h. TNF-α induced LUC activities of the ODAM gene promoter constructs, and the activities were inhibited by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2, PI3-kinase and NF-κB inhibitors. Gel shift and ChIP assays revealed that TNF-α increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) ß and Yin Yang1 (YY1) binding to three kinds of C/EBPs and YY1 elements. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that TNF-α stimulates ODAM gene transcription via C/EBPs and YY1 elements in the human ODAM gene promoter.

Impact of adjunctive procedures on recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-2-mediated periodontal regeneration therapy: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Human fibroblast growth factor-2 (rhFGF-2) therapy has been used for periodontal tissue regeneration. However, few studies have reported their adjunctive procedures based on strategy of tissue engineering. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the adjunctive effects of modified papilla preservation technique (mPPT) and combination with autogenous bone grafts (AG) on the rhFGF-2 therapy. METHODS: Total of 44 sites underwent rhFGF-2 therapies and the evaluations in the survey periods. The primary outcome was set to the radiographic bone fill by radiographic examinations at 6 and 12 months after surgeries. We analyzed the correlation between influencing factors and the primary outcome, and differences of therapeutic effect by combination therapy with mPPT and that with AG. RESULTS: After surgeries, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bone defects significantly improved. The improvements of radiographic bone fill were significantly positive correlated with a number of bone walls, combination with mPPT, and AG at 6 months after surgeries, and with combination with mPPT and AG at 12 months after surgeries. The significant differences of improvements of radiographic bone fill were demonstrated between combination with or without mPPT at 12 months after surgeries, and with or without AG at 6 and 12 months after surgeries. Moreover, the multiple linear regression analysis for the radiographic bone fill indicated the significant regression coefficient with conducts of mPPT. CONCLUSIONS: mPPT and AG had powerfully adjunctive effects on rhFGF-2 therapy. Further studies are needed in order to verify by randomized clinical trials.

MiR-200b suppresses TNF-α-induced AMTN production in human gingival epithelial cells.

Amelotin (AMTN) is an enamel protein that is localized in junctional epithelium (JE) of gingiva and suggested to be involved in the attachment between JE and tooth enamel. MicroRNA is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression at post-transcriptional level by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target mRNAs. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of miR-200b on the expression of AMTN in human gingival epithelial (Ca9-22) cells. Total RNAs and proteins were extracted from Ca9-22 cells transfected with miR-200b expression plasmid or miR-200b inhibitor and stimulated by TNF-α (10 ng/ml, 12 h). AMTN and inhibitor of kappa-B kinase beta (IKKß) mRNA and protein levels were measured by qPCR and Western blot. Human AMTN 3'-UTR that contains putative miR-200b target sites were cloned downstream of -353AMTN luciferase (LUC) plasmid. Ca9-22 cells were transfected with -353AMTN 3'-UTR LUC constructs and miR-200b expression plasmid, and LUC activities were measured with or without stimulation by TNF-α. TNF-α-induced AMTN mRNA levels were partially inhibited by miR-200b overexpression and enhanced by miR-200b inhibitor. TNF-α-induced IKKß mRNA and protein levels were almost completely inhibited by miR-200b. Transcriptional activities of -353AMTN 3'-UTR LUC constructs were induced by TNF-α and partially inhibited by miR-200b. IKKß inhibitor IMD0354 and NF-κB inhibitor triptolide decreased TNF-α-induced LUC activities. Furthermore, both inhibitors reduced AMTN mRNA levels in the presence or absence of TNF-α. These results suggest that miR-200b suppresses AMTN expression by targeting to AMTN and IKKß mRNAs in the human gingival epithelial cells.

A multicenter prospective cohort study on the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal therapies in Japan.

Few prospective studies have reported the effects of periodontal therapy on patients who attempted to quit smoking. This study aimed to assess how smoking cessation affects periodontal therapy. Twenty-five smokers with periodontitis were investigated by dividing them into two groups, a smoking cessation support group and a continued smoking group. Those in the support group received counseling and nicotine replacement therapy, followed by periodontal treatment conducted by dentists who had completed an e-learning course on smoking cessation. Clinical parameters were measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Most clinical parameters improved for those in the smoking cessation support group. There were no significant improvements in bleeding on probing (BOP) or the number of severe periodontal disease sites in the continued smoking group. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) at sites that received scaling and root planing (SRP) significantly improved in all subjects. BOP did not improve at reevaluation in the smoking relapse subgroup. Patients in the smoking cessation support program led by dental professionals showed more improvement in BOP than those in the continued smoking group.

IL-1ß enhances cell adhesion through laminin 5 and ß4 integrin in gingival epithelial cells.

The junctional epithelium and dental enamel adhere because of hemidesmosomes containing laminin 5 and α6ß4 integrin, which are important adhesion molecules in the internal basal lamina. Interleukin (IL)-1 is important in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. IL-1ß induces bone resorption by activating osteoclasts; however, its effects on adhesion of epithelial cells remain to be clarified. Laminin ß3, ß4 integrin, and focal adhesion kinase mRNA levels were higher after 1 h and 3 h of stimulation with IL-1ß (1 ng/mL), and IL-1ß, type I α1, and type IV α1 collagen mRNA levels were higher after 1 h and lower after 3 h of stimulation with IL-1ß. After IL-1ß stimulation, colocalization of laminin 5 and ß4 integrin was increased after 1 h, colocalization of ß4 integrin and plectin was increased after 1 h and decreased after 3 h, and colocalization of ß4 integrin and type IV collagen was decreased after 3 h. Wound healing assays showed that IL-1ß treatment (3 h) delayed wound healing. These results suggest that IL-1ß enhances cell adhesion by altering localization of epithelial adhesion molecules.

Effects of interleukin-1ß on human follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein gene expression in periodontal ligament cells.

Follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein (FDC-SP) is expressed in FDCs, human periodontal ligament (HPL) cells, and junctional epithelium. To evaluate the effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) on FDC-SP gene expression in immortalized HPL cells, FDC-SP mRNA and protein levels in HPL cells following stimulation by IL-1ß were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Luciferase (LUC), gel mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses were performed to study the interaction between transcription factors and promoter regions in the human FDC-SP gene. IL-1ß (1 ng/mL) induced the expression of FDC-SP mRNA and protein levels at 3 h, and reached maximum levels at 12 h. IL-1ß increased LUC activities of constructs (-116FDCSP - -948FDCSP) including the FDC-SP gene promoter. Transcriptional inductions by IL-1ß were partially inhibited by 3-base-pair (3-bp) mutations in the Yin Yang 1 (YY1), GATA, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein2 (C/EBP2), or C/EBP3 in the -345FDCSP. IL-1ß-induced -345FDCSP activities were inhibited by protein kinase A, tyrosine-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)1/2, and PI3-kinase inhibitors. The results of gel shift and ChIP assays revealed that YY1, GATA, and C/EBP-ß interacted with the YY1, GATA, C/EBP2, and C/EBP3 elements that were increased by IL-1ß. These studies demonstrate that IL-1ß increases FDC-SP gene transcription in HPL cells by targeting YY1, GATA, C/EBP2, and C/EBP3 in the human FDC-SP gene promoter.

MiR-200b attenuates IL-6 production through IKKß and ZEB1 in human gingival fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVE: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in biological processes such as cell differentiation, development, infection, immune response, inflammation and tumorigenesis. We previously reported that the expression of miR-200b was significantly increased in inflamed gingiva compared with non-inflamed gingiva. To elucidate the roles of miR-200b in the inflamed gingiva, we have analyzed the effects of miR-200b on the expression of IL-6 in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total RNA and protein were extracted from HGF after stimulation by interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß; 1 ng/ml) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 10 ng/ml) and transfected with miR-200b expression plasmid or miR-200b inhibitor. IL-6, IL-1ß, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinaseß (IKKß), Zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: IL-1ß and TNF-α increased IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, and they were significantly suppressed by miR-200b overexpression, whereas they were further increased by miR-200b inhibitor in HGF. IKKß and ZEB1 which are target genes of miR-200b negatively regulate E-cadherin. MiR-200b suppressed the expression of IKKß and ZEB1 and increased E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels in HGF. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that miR-200b attenuates inflammatory response via IKKß and ZEB1 in periodontal tissue.

Transcriptional regulation of human amelotin gene by interleukin-1ß.

One of the major causes of tooth loss is chronic inflammation of the periodontium, the tissues surrounding the tooth. Amelotin (AMTN) is a tooth enamel protein which is expressed in maturation-stage ameloblasts and also in the internal basal lamina of junctional epithelium, a unique epithelial structure attached to the tooth surface which protects against the constant microbiological challenge to the periodontium. Localization of AMTN suggests that its function could be involved in the dentogingival attachment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) on AMTN gene transcription in human gingival epithelial Ca9-22 cells. IL-1ß increased AMTN mRNA and protein levels at 3 h, and the levels reached maximum at 6 and 12 h. IL-1ß induced luciferase activities of human AMTN gene promoter constructs (-211, -353, -501, -769, and -950AMTN), but these activities were partially inhibited in -353AMTN constructs that included 3-bp mutations in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein 1 (C/EBP1), C/EBP2, and Ying Yang 1 (YY1) elements. Transcriptional activities induced by IL-1ß were abrogated by protein kinase A (PKA), tyrosine kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. Gel shift and ChIP assays showed that IL-1ß increased C/EBPß binding to C/EBP1 and C/EBP2, and YY1 binding to YY1 elements after 3 h, and that these DNA-protein interactions were inhibited by PKA, tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2, and PI3K inhibitors. These results demonstrated that IL-1ß increases AMTN gene transcription in human gingival epithelial cells mediated through C/EBP1, C/EBP2, and YY1 elements in the human AMTN gene promoter.

Tumor necrosis factor-α regulates human follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein gene transcription in gingival epithelial cells.

Follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein (FDC-SP) is a secreted protein expressed in follicular dendritic cells, periodontal ligament and junctional epithelium. To elucidate the transcriptional regulation of the human FDC-SP gene by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), we conducted real-time PCR, Western blotting, transient transfection analyses with chimeric constructs of the FDC-SP gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene, gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using Ca9-22 gingival epithelial cells. TNF-α (10 ng/ml) induced FDC-SP mRNA and protein levels at 3 hr and reached maximum at 12 hr. In transient transfection assays, TNF-α (12 hr) increased the LUC activities of constructs between -116FDCSP and -948FDCSP including the human FDC-SP gene promoter. Transcriptional stimulations by TNF-α were partially inhibited in the -345FDCSP constructs that included 3-bp mutations in the YY1, GATA, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein 2 (C/EBP2) and C/EBP3. Transcriptional activities induced by TNF-α were inhibited by tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors. The results of ChIP assays showed that YY1, GATA and C/EBPß transcription factors interacted with the YY1, GATA, C/EBP2 and C/EBP3 elements that were increased by TNF-α. These studies show that TNF-α stimulates human FDC-SP gene transcription by targeting YY1, GATA, C/EBP2 and C/EBP3 in the FDC-SP gene promoter.

Clinical usability of aspartate aminotransferase to evaluate the prognosis of periodontal regeneration therapies: prospective, longitudinal study.

To evaluate the degree of periodontal tissue destruction, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are utilized as a predictor of periodontal therapy. We have previously shown that the usefulness of AST activities [periodontal tissue monitor (PTM) values] using a PTM-kit to evaluate the effects of initial periodontal therapy and periodontal regeneration therapy by enamel matrix derivative (EMD). This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted using 38 healthy and 80 periodontitis sites with probing depth (PD) of 5-10 mm for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and EMD from 36 patients. GCF samples were used to evaluate PTM values at base line (BL) and after 6 months of surgeries (re-evaluation: RE), and periodontal examinations were performed concurrently. PTM values at BL were statistically improved at RE, accompanied by the improvement of periodontal parameters in both groups. PTM values and PD, and the clinical attachment level (CAL) showed high correlations. PD, CAL and bleeding on probing (BOP) were highly correlated with PTM values in both groups, whereas only PD showed a significant correlation with PTM values at RE in the GTR group. Change in the amounts of PD, CAL and BOP between BL and RE in both groups showed no correlation with PTM values. In the negative PTM value sites at BL in EMD group, the mean PD was significantly reduced at RE compared with positive PTM sites at BL. PTM values are able to be utilized as the biochemical predictor of prognosis after periodontal regeneration therapy.

Correlation Between Gingival Crevicular Fluid Hemoglobin Content and Periodontal Clinical Parameters.

BACKGROUND: Probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) are essential clinical parameters used for periodontal diagnosis. This study investigated whether detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), along with PD and BOP, would improve diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: After plaque index (PI) was measured, GCF was collected from the gingival sulci of 401 anterior teeth in the maxilla and mandible from 184 patients who had entered periodontal maintenance therapy. Clinical parameters (gingival index [GI], PD, clinical attachment level [CAL], and BOP) were recorded. Hb values in GCF were assessed by immunochromatography. Moreover, cutoff values for PI, GI, and CAL based on the degree of PD and amount of GCF were created and analyzed. RESULTS: Hb was detected in 64.8% of GCF samples in 105 BOP-negative (-) sites in the periodontally stable group out of 107 sites that were less than all cutoff values. There were 71 BOP(-) sites in the periodontal-management-required group out of 122 sites that were more than all cutoff values, although no improvement in periodontal disease was observed. Hb was detected in 88.7% of GCF samples from these 71 BOP(-) sites. CONCLUSIONS: Hb was observed in more than 60% of GCF samples in BOP(-) gingival sulci in both periodontally stable and periodontal-management-required groups. These results suggest inspection of Hb derived from microbleeding in gingival sulci may serve as an index for preclinical diagnosis.

Filamin A regulates the organization and remodeling of the pericellular collagen matrix.

Extracellular matrix remodeling by cell adhesion-related processes is critical for proliferation and tissue homeostasis, but how adhesions and the cytoskeleton interact to organize the pericellular matrix (PCM) is not understood. We examined the role of the actin-binding protein, filamin A (FLNa), in pericellular collagen remodeling. Compared with wild-type (WT), mice with fibroblast-specific deletion of FLNa exhibited higher density but reduced organization of collagen fibers after increased loading of the periodontal ligament for 2 wk. In cultured fibroblasts, FLNa knockdown (KD) did not affect collagen mRNA, but after 24 h of culture, FLNa WT cells exhibited ∼2-fold higher cell-surface collagen KD cells and 13-fold higher levels of activated ß1 integrins. In FLNa WT cells, there was 3-fold more colocalization of talin with pericellular cleaved collagen than in FLNa KD cells. MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression were >2-fold higher in FLNa KD cells than in WT cells. Cathepsin B, which is necessary for intracellular collagen digestion, was >3-fold higher in FLNa WT cells than in KD cells. FLNa WT cells exhibited 2-fold more collagen phagocytosis than KD cells, which involved the FLNa actin-binding domain. Evidently, FLNa regulates PCM remodeling through its effects on degradation pathways that affect the abundance and organization of collagen.-Mezawa, M., Pinto, V. I., Kazembe, M. P., Lee, W. S., McCulloch, C. A. Filamin A regulates the organization and remodeling of the pericellular collagen matrix.

Unliganded estrogen receptor α stimulates bone sialoprotein gene expression.

Estrogen is one of the steroid hormones essential for skeletal development. The estrogen receptor (ER) is a transcription factor and a member of the steroid receptor superfamily. There are two different forms of the ER, usually referred to as α and ß, each encoded by a separate gene. Hormone-activated ERs form dimers, since the two forms are coexpressed in many cell types. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a tissue-specific acidic glycoprotein that is expressed by differentiated osteoblasts, odontoblasts and cementoblasts during the initial formation of mineralized tissue. To determine the molecular basis of the tissue-specific expression of BSP and its regulation by estrogen and the ER, we have analyzed the effects of ß-estradiol and ERα on BSP gene transcription. ERα protein levels were increased after ERα overexpression in ROS17/2.8 cells. While BSP mRNA levels were increased by ERα overexpression, the endogenous and overexpressed BSP mRNA levels were not changed by ß-estradiol (10(-8)M, 24 h). Luciferase activities of different sized BSP promoter constructs (pLUC3~6) were increased by ERα overexpression, whereas basal and induced luciferase activities by ERα overexpression were not influenced by ß-estradiol. Effects of ERα overexpression were abrogated by 2 bp mutations in either the cAMP response element (CRE) or activator protein 1 (AP1)/glucocorticoid response element (GRE). Gel shift analyses showed that ERα overexpression increased binding to the CRE and AP1/GRE elements. Notably, the CRE-protein complexes were disrupted by ERα, CREB and phospho-CREB antibodies. The AP1/GRE-protein complexes were supershifted by the c-Fos antibody. These studies demonstrate that ERα stimulates BSP gene transcription in a ligand-independent manner by targeting the CRE and AP1/GRE elements in the rat BSP gene promoter.

Evaluation of bleeding on probing and gingival crevicular fluid enzyme activity for detection of periodontally active sites during supportive periodontal therapy.

This study aimed to analyze the enzyme activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and its association with clinical parameters, especially bleeding on probing (BOP), and thus reconsider the significance and accuracy of recording BOP. A total of 184 patients who had entered supportive periodontal therapy were selected and GCF was collected from 401 sites before recording the clinical parameters, probing pocket depth (PPD), BOP, clinical attachment level, gingival index and plaque index. The enzyme activity of neutrophil elastase and aspartate aminotransferase and amount of protein in GCF were also analyzed. In the clinical parameters for biochemical data, amount of GCF showed the most correlation. A cut-off value for BOP and PPD were determined by the ROC curve and Youden index. Analysis was performed with all clinical parameters and biochemical data. Of the 401 sites, 51 were less than the cut-off value and were BOP-negative. On the other hand, 29 sites had values more than the cut-off value, with 14 BOP-negative sites and 15 BOP-positive sites. A conclusion is as follows: twenty-nine sites with values more than the cut-off value were diagnosed as sites requiring periodontal management, however, 14 of these were BOP-negative. These results suggest that combining other biochemical tests with examination of BOP and PPD may improve the validity of periodontal disease diagnosis. In future studies, it will be essential to find a marker that can precisely detect periodontal disease activity, and to develop a diagnostic tool for chair-side use.

Osteogenic transcription factors and proto-oncogene regulate bone sialoprotein gene transcription.

Runt homeodomain protein 2 (Runx2), distalless 5 (Dlx5) and Smad1 are transcription factors that play critical roles in controlling the differentiation of osteoblasts and mineralization of bone. Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase, Src, is an enzyme encoded by the Src gene. The normal cellular gene is called cellular-Src (c-Src). Bone sialoprotein (BSP), a protein implicated in the initial mineralization of newly formed bone, is an early phenotypic marker of differentiated osteoblasts. In this study, we used overexpression plasmids with Runx2, Dlx5, Smad1 or c-Src inserts to search for the effects of these transcription factors and proto-oncogene on BSP gene expression using rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8. When we used Runx2, Dlx5 or c-Src overexpression plasmids for the transfection, BSP and Runx2 mRNA levels were increased in ROS 17/2.8 cells. However, overexpression of Smad1 did not induce BSP and Runx2 mRNA. Transient transfection analyses were performed using chimeric constructs of the rat BSP gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene. Transfection of ROS 17/2.8 cells with Runx2, Dlx5 or c-Src overexpression plasmid increased the luciferase activities of the constructs, pLUC3 (-116 to +60), pLUC4 (-425 to +60) and pLUC5 (-801 to +60). However, Smad1 overexpression had no effect on the luciferase activities. These results demonstrate that overexpression of Runx2, Dlx5 or c-Src stimulates BSP transcription, and suggest that Runx2, Dlx5 and c-Src might be crucial transcriptional regulators of mineralization and bone formation.

Protamine stimulates bone sialoprotein gene expression.

Protamine is a small, arginine-rich, nuclear protein that replaces histone late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis and is believed to be essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization. Protamine has many biological activities and has roles in hematopoiesis, immune responses, the nervous system and bone metabolism. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a mineralized connective tissue-specific protein expressed in differentiated osteoblasts that appears to function in the initial mineralization of bone. Protamine (71.35 ng/ml) increased BSP mRNA levels by 6h in osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. In a transient transfection assay, protamine (71.35 ng/ml) increased luciferase activity of the construct (-116 to +60) in ROS 17/2.8 cells and rat bone marrow stromal cells. Luciferase activities induced by protamine were blocked by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase and ERK1/2 inhibitors. Introduction of 2 bp mutations to the luciferase constructs showed that the effects of protamine were mediated by a cAMP response element (CRE), a fibroblast growth factor 2 response element (FRE) and a homeodomain protein-binding site (HOX). Gel shift analyses showed that protamine (71.35 ng/ml) increased the nuclear protein binding to CRE, FRE and HOX. CREB, phospho-CREB, c-Fos, c-Jun, JunD and Fra2 antibodies disrupted the formation of CRE-protein complexes. Dlx5, Msx2, Runx2 and Smad1 antibodies disrupted FRE- and HOX-protein complex formations. These studies demonstrate that protamine induces BSP transcription by targeting CRE, FRE and HOX sites in the proximal promoter of the rat BSP gene. Moreover, phospho-CREB, c-Fos, c-Jun, JunD, Fra2, Dlx5, Msx2, Runx2 and Smadl transcription factors appear to be key regulators of protamine effects on BSP transcription.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide regulates bone sialoprotein gene transcription.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is believed to be associated with aggressive periodontitis characterized by a rapid bone loss. A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a similar structure to Escherichia coli LPS, and they are Toll-like receptor 4 agonists. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an early marker of osteoblast differentiation. To investigate the effects of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS on bone formation, we targeted BSP as a marker for osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. BSP mRNA levels were decreased by 0.1 µg/ml and increased by 0.01 µg/ml A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS at 6 h in osteoblast-like ROS17/2.8 cells. In transient transfection analyses, 0.1 µg/ml decreased and 0.01 µg/ml A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS increased luciferase activities of the construct (-116 to +60). Introduction of 2 bp mutations to the constructs showed that the effects of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS were mediated by a cAMP response element (CRE), a FGF2 response element (FRE), and a homeodomain protein-binding site (HOX). Tyrosine kinase, ERK1/2, and PI3-kinase/Akt participated in the effects of both 0.1 and 0.01 µg/ml A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. The results of gel shift showed that 0.1 µg/ml decreased while 0.01 µg/ml A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS increased CRE-, FRE-, and HOX-binding protein complexes formation at 6 h, and revealed that 0.01 µg/ml A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS induced BSP transcription through CREB1, JunD, Fra2, c-Fos, Runx2, Dlx5, and Smad1 targeting those response elements. These studies therefore indicated that 0.1 µg/ml suppressed and 0.01 µg/ml A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS increased BSP gene transcription mediated through CRE, FRE, and HOX elements in the rat BSP gene promoter.

Transcriptional regulation of bone sialoprotein gene by interleukin-11.

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a stromal cell-derived cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. IL-11 has many biological activities and has roles in hematopoiesis, immune responses, the nervous system and bone metabolism. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a mineralized tissue-specific protein expressed in differentiated osteoblasts that appears to function in the initial mineralization of bone. IL-11 (20 ng/ml) increased BSP mRNA and protein levels at 12h in osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. In a transient transfection assay, IL-11 (20 ng/ml) increased luciferase activity of the construct (-116 to +60) in ROS 17/2.8 cells and rat bone marrow stromal cells. Introduction of 2 bp mutations to the luciferase constructs showed that the effects of IL-11 were mediated by a cAMP response element (CRE), a fibroblast growth factor 2 response element (FRE) and a homeodomain protein-binding site (HOX). Luciferase activities induced by IL-11 were blocked by protein kinase A inhibitor, tyrosine kinase inhibitor and ERK1/2 inhibitor. Gel shift analyses showed that IL-11 (20 ng/ml) increased nuclear protein binding to CRE, FRE and HOX. CREB1, phospho-CREB1, c-Fos, c-Jun, JunD and Fra2 antibodies disrupted the formation of CRE-protein complexes. Dlx5, Msx2, Runx2 and Smad1 antibodies disrupted FRE- and HOX-protein complex formations. These studies demonstrate that IL-11 stimulates BSP transcription by targeting CRE, FRE and HOX sites in the proximal promoter of the rat BSP gene. Moreover, phospho-CREB1, c-Fos, c-Jun, JunD, Fra2, Dlx5, Msx2, Runx2 and Smadl transcription factors appear to be key regulators of IL-11 effects on BSP transcription.